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| ns32ktoolchain [2023/04/12 07:48] – [Building binutils] admin | ns32ktoolchain [2023/04/12 07:56] (current) – [Standalone binaries] admin |
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| The option ''-ffreestanding'' disables "hosted" environment where ''main()'' is the first "user" function in the programm called by **crt0.o**. | The option ''-ffreestanding'' disables "hosted" environment where ''main()'' is the first "user" function in the programm called by **crt0.o**. |
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| NOTE! GCC sometimes emits "built-in" functions like ''__udivdi3'' and requres "compiler runtime" library [[https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gccint/Libgcc.html|libgcc]] for target processor. Smplify arithmetic expressions. | NOTE! GCC sometimes emits "built-in" functions like ''__udivdi3'' and requres "compiler runtime" library [[https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gccint/Libgcc.html|libgcc]] for target processor. Just smplify your arithmetic expressions to avoid this. |
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| Another useful GCC option is ''-fomit-frame-pointer'' - it disables usage of the ''fp'' register (frame pointer) and use ''sp''-related (stack pointer) addressing for local variables like "old" compilers. GCC also supports ''-fpic'' option to compile PIC (Position-Independent Code) with ''sb''-related addressing ''0(_glblvar(sb))''. | Another useful GCC option is: ''-fomit-frame-pointer'' - it disables usage of the ''fp'' register (frame pointer) and use ''sp''-related (stack pointer) addressing for local variables like "old" compilers. GCC also supports ''-fpic'' option to compile PIC (Position-Independent Code) with ''sb''-related addressing ''0(_glblvar(sb))''. |
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| Test object file with disassembler: | Test object file with disassembler: |
| -Ttext 0x0 -M -Map emutest.map -o emutest.bin emutest.o | -Ttext 0x0 -M -Map emutest.map -o emutest.bin emutest.o |
| </code> | </code> |
| | GNU ld [[https://sourceware.org/binutils/docs/ld.pdf|documentation]] . |
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| To check binary file: | To check binary file: |
| <code> | <code> |
| ns32k-pc532-netbsd-objdump.exe -D -x --target=binary -m ns32k emutest.bin | ns32k-pc532-netbsd-objdump.exe -D -x --target=binary -m ns32k emutest.bin |
| </code> | </code> |
| Run ''emul32k'' emulator: | Run ''emul32k'' emulator and binary file: |
| <code> | <code> |
| ./emul32k emutest.bin | ./emul32k emutest.bin |
